Catalysis is at the heart of modern, environmentally friendly technologies, and is central to efficient energy production, conversion and utilization. Design and synthesis of catalysts to control catalytic activity and selectivity has been a scientific challenge for those working to secure our energy future. Because catalysis involves molecular transformations, the nanostructure of a catalyst and how it interacts with reactant molecules, transition states and intermediates can significantly influence its properties. This volume, from the 2009 MRS Fall Meeting in Boston, brings together experts in heterogeneous catalysis, catalytic energy production and conversions, green processing, nanomaterials, and nanodevices, for cross-fertilizations among these fields. Research presented on photocatalysts and electrocatalysts is especially noteworthy. State-of-the-art fabrication and integration methods for catalysts in these emerging applications are featured.