In 2012, the Office of Planning, Research, and Evaluation within the Administration for Children and Families, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, engaged Mathematica Policy Research and its partners to conduct a project titled "Assessing Early Childhood Teachers' Use of Child Progress Monitoring to Individualize Teaching Practices". The purpose of the project is to develop a conceptual framework of early childhood teachers' use of ongoing child assessment to individualise instruction and to create a measure to examine this process. The ultimate goal of this book is to help teachers conduct ongoing assessments, use the assessment data to "individualise" instruction for each child, and enhance their children's outcomes.