This book gathers views of a group of experts from some Central Asian Republics, (Kazakhistan, Uzbekhistan, Turkmenistan, Kyrgizystan, Tajikistan) and from Caucasian Republics, (USA, Russia, CE and Turkey), on the current status and future trends of research and development in Central Asian and Caucasian Republics. Their analysis and evaluation assesses the best existing practice in model countries to identify the right model and strategy for upgrading of research and development in Central Asian and Caucasian Republics. In addition, suggestions are presented for the administrative reorganization of state institutions in order to achieve a more effective interaction and planning of research and development.