This book provides fresh insights into the evolution and determinants of poverty in India in recent decades. Poverty has fallen steadily but the responsiveness of poverty reduction to economic growth has been uneven over time and across regions. India’s recent experience is examined to elicit insights into potential pathways to make growth more inclusive. The book focuses on three: urbanization, as a source of both urban and rural-based growth; expansion of the rural non-farm sector; and tackling social exclusion.