The past decade saw major changes surrounding long-standing claims for indigenous rights to land and cultural heritage in postcolonial societies. These changes dramatically affect the way in which archaeology is practiced in those countries. The contributors to this volume address native title claims regarding land use, ownership, and cultural patrimony in settings as diverse as Australia, Canada, Pacific Islands, South Africa, New Zealand, and the United States. The cases they explore show ways in which the 21st century practice of archaeology will hinge upon sensitive dealings with indigenous peoples and effectively addressing their concerns about their cultural remains.